The Fundamental Principles Of The Us Constitution

One of the fundamental principles of the US Constitution is the freedom of speech. Something so ingrained in the country, that it is often an afterthought for many Americans. John Stuart Mill believes that freedom of expression and speech is a necessity for the human race to advance and evolve. Mill’s justification of this absolute freedom come from the understanding that mistakes and choices made by the person leads to progress and the development of your individual self. He also argues that speech must be absolute because the only way harm can truly come about, is through action. Mill’s harm principle states that, the only reason for power to be legitimately exercised over a people is to prevent harm to others. It also sought to limit the actions of a possible tyrannical majority that begins to impose its interests on the public. Mill claims that the only limit that should be placed on expression is if it leads to the harms of others, it is not to be infringed upon if it only harms the individual. James Madison agreed with many of the concepts of Mill’s free speech, but thought a limit on speech was a sign of a breach of power, which was reflected in the drafting of the First Amendment. Recent Supreme Court cases have ruled in favor of limiting certain forms of speech that speaks to a clear and present danger, when words aren’t simply content, but a vehicle for action. Mill argues that the freedom of dissenting speech is just as, if not more important than the popularShow MoreRelatedAn Introduction to the Constitutional Principles of American Government1406 Words   |  6 Pagessoever. The most powerful â€Å"rules of the game† is the Constitution and the most important thing is to construe it correctly. More than 200 years the US Constitution remains the organic law of successfully deve loping state, which territory and population have increased many times over, and the political and economic life has changed radically. In the context of United States constitutional interpretation, invariability, political stability and fundamental nature of this law of the land are considered toRead MoreThe Differences Betweek the UK and US Constitutions Essay1219 Words   |  5 PagesThe Differences Betweek the UK and US Constitutions The constitution of a state, at its most basic, can be described as the fundamental principles from which it is governed, usually defining how power is split up within it and thereby constructing a framework within which it operates (www.oed.com). In this essay, I will first provide a brief summary of the UK and US constitutions and then attempt to outline the key differences and similarities between the two and discussRead MoreThe Main Features Of The Uk1444 Words   |  6 Pagesor not the UK is in need of a codified constitution. The absence of a written constitution is peculiar in Europe , the UK is said to have a complex and comprehensive system of government which regulates the country. The purpose of this essay is to examine the present features of the UK s unwritten constitution in contrast with other European codified constitutions , an argument as to whether the United Kingdom is in need of a codified constitution will be formulated. This will be done byRead MoreFour Principles of the U.S. Constitution Essay1327 Words   |  6 Pages Four Principles of the Constitution of US In the USA and in each of the fifty states, the most basic fundamental is a constitution, which is a relatively simple document and is the self-designated supreme law of the land. As the supreme law of the land, Constitutional Law texts are generally divided into two parts. The first part is about the allocation of powers. This entails two basic principles of American Constitution:separation of powers and division of powers. The former one discussesRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation From A New Constitution1506 Words   |  7 PagesThe aim of this paper is to talk about the different actions taken to replace the Articles of Confederation to bring about a new Constitution. I will first start out by giving some background on the Article of Confederation as to what it was and why it was important for the US? Secondly, I will provide the reader with some of the strengths and weaknesses of the Article of Confederation. Why did the Article of Confederation fail? Third, I will talk abou t the actions that were taken to replace theRead MoreThe Constitution Is Fundamental Law Of The United States Essay752 Words   |  4 PagesA) The US Constitution is fundamental law of the United States, and in the present, it is composed of seven articles and twenty seven amendments. The three things I like most about the US constitution are the 1st Amendment, the 10th Amendment, and separation of power. The 1st Amendment are composed of two clause which are establishment clause and free exercise clause. It provides a freedom of speech, assembly, religion and press. Those basic rights are given to people, and it shouldn’t threaten byRead MoreApplication of the Analytical School of Justice1805 Words   |  7 Pagesthe State. Under the Constitution, Parliament of India can make laws on income-tax and provide that not following those law shall be punished by the fine or imprisonment, or both. Austin’s critics ask, how customs can be resigned with the theory of command, and where we can find a supreme law-giver in a nascent society. The concept of fundamental rights and their enforcement mechanism is an example of supreme law. The Supreme Court of India while interpreting the Fundamental Rights has expandedRead MoreThe Meaning and Constitutional Significance of the Rule of Law1463 Words   |  6 Pagesconform to the law. The rule of law often is stated to be one of the fundamental doctrines of principle of the UKconstitutional. Generally it has been seen as a characteristic feature of western liberal democracies. A widely-assumed meaning of the rule of law is that of peaceful resolution of disputes within the citizenry based on law rather than force. Facilitating such a rule of law is a fundamental role of government. The rule of law implies that government authorityRead MoreThe Constitutional Court Of The Constitution781 Words   |  4 PagesConstitutional Court in the Constitution of 1991 of Colombia, this became the highest court of constitutionality. In practice this meant that from that moment the constitutional jurisdiction is special. The Constitutional Court as a Constitutional Court has competence know of actions of unconstitutionality of the legal norms that have the material force of law and at the same time, the power to review the actions of tutela. Guardianship actions stand by violation of the fundamental rights of persons, judicialRead MoreWhat is Due Process?1022 Words   |  4 Pagesfathers know that laws would have to be set up to control this new land but so would rights also be needed. Let us now take a look at the system called Due Process and its roots. Due Process What is Due Process. The United State or any state may not deprive citizens of â€Å"life, liberty, or property† without due process of law. This right is given under the articles of the constitution and is found in more than on the section that the government has to follow rules and established procedures in

The 1950’s The Meaning Behind the Decade Essay - 1835 Words

The 1950’s was a time in history when America began to flourish, through its advancements in music, technology, and its emphasis on the individual. The emergence of Rock and Roll contributed to the birth of the ‘rebel’ by giving teenagers an excuse to disobey their parents through the expression of music. Adults of the 1950’s insisted that Rock and Roll corrupted the minds of the youth. This revolution in music not only affected the decade from an entertainment standpoint, but also from a fashion perspective. Teenagers wore leather jackets, poodle skirts, slicked back hair, and beehive hairdos. Through sports and the civil rights act, blacks began to be more accepted into the 1950’s society. Although segregation was still alive, many†¦show more content†¦He who would know the heart and mind of America had better learn baseball,† reported culturist Jacques Barzun during the 1950s (Voigt 3). This quote sums up how baseball was muc h more than a sport for Americans. Baseball heroes gave hope to citizens fearing Communism and recollecting World War II. Sports were viewed as the finest example of freedom in the 1950’s because each man could earn exactly what he was worth. In the 1950’s Rock and Roll emerged as a type of music that influenced America even to this day. After World War II, the population found money more readily available and it was only logical for record labels and radio stations to play a mixture of jazz, RB, and pop. Rock and Roll developed from the merging of black music with white urban listeners. Teens used this type of music as a source of individual expression, since it was against the approval of their parents (Noyer 11). The success of Rock and Roll was mostly due to radio. Concerts and American Idol did not exist in the 50’s and those who wanted to hear Rock and Roll had to turn on their trusty radios. Although Rock and Roll flourished in this decade, many parents and religious groups were opposed. They claimed sexual references were hidden amongst the lyrics and many radio stations started banning this music genre (Kallen 79, 84). In the 1950’s, teenagers were given a reasonShow MoreRelated 1950s Culture Exposed in The Catcher in the Rye Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pages1950s Culture Exposed in The Catcher in the Rye    J.D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye is a remarkable book that gives readers a unique and perhaps gloomy perspective of the 1950s through Holden Caulfield, a cynical and peculiar teenager. Through The Catcher in the Rye Salinger describes important aspects of the 1950s. Salinger emphasizes several key characteristics of the 50s and criticizes them through Holden. In addition, Holden Caulfield is a very interesting character withRead MoreThe Social Policy Welfare Programs1343 Words   |  6 PagesEurope and how each country approaches the issue. In particularly, Russell explains how poverty is measured, poverty reduction, and the politics of poverty reduction. Research shows that poverty has been a social problem for over five decades in America. During the 1960’s, the issue of poverty was first identified as a social problem and countless efforts have been made to eradicate poverty in the United States. In 1964, the Kennedy-Johnson administration declared a †Å"War on Poverty† after the publicationRead MoreThe Movement Of Pop Art991 Words   |  4 Pages The term ‘Pop Arts ‘was innovated in the mid-1950s and early 1960 s. Undoubtedly, the god father of this movement is Andy Warhol – the biggest influence on humanity s fixation on visual art. His performance traverses the connection among aesthetic utterance, culture and commercial. By applying various ways of techniques which included silk screen process (for mass production) and colour settlement, Warhol showed to the world of art his perspectives on media, economics and politics. 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The Secret Circle The Hunt Chapter 9 Free Essays

string(41) " the Circle to arrive for their meeting\." After her encounter with Scarlett at the dance, Cassie’s sleep was fitful – nightmare after nightmare plagued her mind. As she woke up, she knew what she had to do to make it stop. She pulled the gunmetal chest out from under her bed and unlocked its clasp. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 9 or any similar topic only for you Order Now She’d wanted to wait for Adam to be with her before she tried to open the book again, but time was running out, and things with Adam had just gotten a whole lot more complicated. She couldn’t allow a potential love triangle to trip up her search for answers. Plus, she had an idea. In the jewelry box where she kept all her precious stones, Cassie had an obsidian crystal. It was the same crystal she’d once used to disable a guarding spell Faye had placed on one of the Master Tools. Cassie squeezed the sharp-edged black rock in her hand now. It was known to purify dark matter. Why not give it a try? She glided the crystal over and around her father’s Book of Shadows while whispering the chant that had been successful last time: Darkness be gone, no shields are needed, purity enters and leaves here unhindered. Then she pulled on the book’s leather string and fanned its cover open. She touched the first page hopefully, but it immediately grew hot, singeing the tip of her pointer finger. Cassie drew back, but before the book flapped closed she thrust the obsidian crystal between its pages. At first the book struggled against the stone, rattling and thrashing, and the crystal shook over its pages like a kernel of corn in hot oil. But then the book seemed to tire. Slowly, each page grew calm and quiet beneath the crystal until they were still. The book’s darkness had been tamed just enough to allow the rock to hold it open like a simple paperweight. The words scrawled upon the first two pages still looked like an ancient language of lines and symbols. Viewing them this closely made Cassie’s eyes feel strange and off kilter, like staring at an optical illusion. But at least now she could get to researching and translating. And if she maneuvered the obsidian just so, she could even use it to turn the book’s pages. Wait till Adam saw this. Just then her doorbell rang and Cassie realized what time it was. The Circle meeting to go over the events of the night before was set to begin in a few minutes. Cassie removed the obsidian and the book flapped closed. She quickly locked it back in its hiding place before running down to answer the door. On her front porch was Nick, carrying a duffel bag over his shoulder. He didn’t look happy, for obvious reasons, but Cassie was glad to have a moment with him before the rest of the Circle arrived. She led him inside and asked him to have a seat on the living room sofa. â€Å"I’ll show you downstairs in just a minute,† she said. â€Å"But first I was hoping we could talk.† Nick dropped his bag on the floor and sat down. â€Å"Okay.† Cassie sat beside him. â€Å"I’m so sorry,† she said. â€Å"I feel like it’s my fault you got marked.† â€Å"Scarlett was trying to kill you. You weren’t exactly asking for it,† Nick said. â€Å"I know, I just †¦ you saved my life. And I can’t bear to think what might happen to yours now.† Nick shook his head. â€Å"It’s not your fault, Cassie. I knew the chance I was taking, and I chose to risk it. Besides, I can handle this.† Cassie reached for Nick’s hand. It was a bold move, but she felt like under the circumstances it was worth the try. For once he didn’t pull away from her. Cassie opened her mouth to assure him that she would be there for him the way he was for her – but then a loud, pounding noise rattled the floor beneath them. Nick jumped with alarm. â€Å"It’s okay,† Cassie said. â€Å"It’s only Faye and a broom handle. She finds the use of it ironic.† Nick tried to play it cool, but Cassie knew he was embarrassed about being so easily startled, that the cracks beneath his cool exterior were starting to show. â€Å"It’s Faye’s special signal,† she said casually. â€Å"When she bangs on the ceiling with the broom, it means she’s in dire need of attention.† â€Å"When doesn’t Faye need attention?† Nick ran his fingers through his hair and allowed himself to laugh. â€Å"So where is this secret room anyway?† Cassie smiled. â€Å"Follow me.† She led Nick downstairs to the old bookshelves and cast the spell to reveal the hidden door. Faye and Laurel were waiting expectantly inside. They’d microwaved popcorn, baked cupcakes, and had music playing. â€Å"I’ve been marked,† Nick said, surveying the scene. â€Å"It’s not my birthday.† But he still reached for a pink-frosted cupcake and took a hearty bite. The room had changed quite a bit since Cassie had last seen it. Faye and Laurel each infused it with their own character. Laurel’s side of the room was draped with green plants, herbs, and flowers. Piles of thick books were stacked as high as the eye could see, many of them for the research she was doing on the hunters. Faye’s side was adorned with red tapestries and velvety pillows. She’d also created a small altar that housed candles and incense and various concoctions. â€Å"You’ll have to carve out a space of your own,† Cassie said to Nick. â€Å"At your own risk.† â€Å"I’ll be just fine.† Nick tossed his duffel bag down and shoved the last bite of cupcake into his mouth. â€Å"I don’t need much.† â€Å"We’ve got an air mattress for you to sleep on,† Faye said. â€Å"But if you get lonely, there’s lots of extra room in my bed.† â€Å"Gross,† Laurel shouted. â€Å"Not with me here there isn’t.† â€Å"That’s my cue to leave.† Cassie let Nick get settled in and went upstairs to wait for the rest of the Circle to arrive for their meeting. You read "The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 9" in category "Essay examples" As everyone trickled in, Cassie directed them downstairs. It was Adam she was really waiting for, but he was last to arrive, which was rare. When he finally rambled up the walk, he appeared more disheveled than normal. His clothes were wrinkled and his hair was uncombed. There were dark circles beneath his eyes that made it look like he hadn’t slept all night. Cassie hoped it wasn’t yesterday’s conversation about the cord weighing him down. â€Å"Before we go downstairs,† Adam said, â€Å"I want to show you something.† He reached into the inside pocket of his jacket and retrieved a squeezable pink plastic tube. â€Å"My lip gloss?† Cassie asked. Adam nodded. â€Å"Not just any lip gloss. This fell out of your pocket the night of our first kiss. And this †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Adam pulled a tiny square of paper from the same pocket. â€Å"This is the movie ticket stub from our official first date.† Next Adam held up his cell phone. â€Å"Saved on here,† he said, â€Å"is the first time you said I love you to me on my voice mail. And these are only the beginning, Cassie. Do you understand what I’m getting at?† â€Å"You’re in great danger of becoming a hoarder?† Cassie grinned. Adam laughed. â€Å"Maybe, but it’s because everything and anything that reminds me of you, I have to save forever. If that doesn’t prove that I’m head-over-heels in love with you, I don’t know what will.† All the tension and fear Cassie built up overnight about their relationship had just floated up and away. She wanted to jump into Adam’s arms and lose the afternoon in his embrace. But there was no time for that now. Their friends were waiting. All Cassie could do at the moment was kiss Adam with her whole being, and hope her love for him shined through, that their connection was palpable, before leading him downstairs to join the others. â€Å"The hunters and Scarlett are way too close for comfort,† Melanie was saying when Adam and Cassie entered the secret room. Everyone was gathered in a circle except for Chris and Doug, who were stirring around in the kitchen like hyperactive children. Deborah agreed with Melanie. â€Å"We need to get closer to the hunters, to have full surveillance on them, since they’re obviously watching us.† â€Å"I can get us closer to Max,† Diana said. Faye snickered and whispered something under her breath to Deborah and Suzan. Diana turned to her. â€Å"I’m the only one who can easily do it,† she said. â€Å"We all know that.† â€Å"But you could be putting yourself in danger,† Faye said mockingly. Then her face took on a spiteful weightiness. â€Å"If given the chance, Max will mark you just like he did me.† Diana shrugged. â€Å"I’m not going to do any magic around him. Besides if I can get into his bedroom, I might be able to find out where he keeps his relic.† â€Å"You’re not going anywhere near his bedroom,† Faye shot back. Laurel cleared her throat. â€Å"I’ve made some progress digging up information about the relics,† she said. With a nod from Cassie, she took the center of the floor and explained to the Circle that the relics originated around 1320, shortly after Pope John XVII authorized the Inquisition to persecute witchcraft as a type of heresy. â€Å"An accused witch created and spelled the relics in return for her life,† Laurel said. â€Å"She christened the owners of these magical stones and taught them the killing curse.† â€Å"Of course they needed a witch to do their dirty work for them,† Sean called out. â€Å"Wimps.† Laurel pursed her lips at the interruption. â€Å"Soon the Inquisition led to a wave of witch-hunting,† she continued, â€Å"during which the relics were sighted throughout France, Italy, and Germany. But many of them were destroyed during the peak of the hunts, which occurred in the late 1500s till around 1630. And by the time the hunt reached Salem in the 1690s, only a dozen or so relics – and even fewer hunter families – had survived.† Laurel focused her eyes on Diana specifically. â€Å"It’s now believed there are only six relics still active.† Diana was looking straight down at the floor. In almost a whisper she said, â€Å"That’s all?† Laurel glanced at Faye. â€Å"So it may be worth it for Diana to search Max’s bedroom if it means we can bring that number down to five.† â€Å"Five, six, seven hundred, what difference does it make?† Nick called out. â€Å"We still don’t have a way to beat them. Can we talk for a moment about Scarlett? She wants to kill Cassie, to get her spot in the Circle, and she has our Master Tools. She almost got the best of us last night, and she’ll come back again. If we can’t use magic on her, then we need to be ready to destroy her with our bare hands.† Deborah patted Nick on the shoulder. â€Å"Well, it goes without saying that my cousin can use some anger management right about now.† Until this point, everyone had been so engrossed in the discussion that no one had noticed Chris trying to squeeze his six-foot-tall body into the tiny confines of the dumbwaiter carved into the kitchen wall. But the racket he was creating finally captured the group’s attention. â€Å"I can do it,† he said. â€Å"Doug, push my feet in for me. And then launch me upstairs.† Doug did as he was told, laughing. He shoved Chris’s feet deeper into the box with one hand. His other hand hovered over the wooden lever that would send the dumbwaiter flying up the chute that led to the kitchen above them. â€Å"Chris,† Cassie yelled. â€Å"That’ll never hold you. It’s not an elevator. Get out before you break it.† â€Å"Don’t mess with that thing,† Faye called out to him. â€Å"It’s our favorite way to have Cassie wait on us from upstairs.† â€Å"But I can do it,† Chris said again. â€Å"I’m not as big as I look.† Cassie’s patience had worn thin and a peculiar anger surged through her. Her face and hands grew hot with rage. â€Å"I said, get out of there!† Before she could get control of herself, she marched over to Doug and forcefully shoved him away from the lever. Her strength caught him by surprise, causing him to stumble backward. Chris, in his struggle to climb out of the dumbwaiter before Cassie could reach him, slipped out headfirst and hit the floor with a thump. A few silent seconds passed before he screamed out in pain, clutching his left arm. â€Å"Now you’ve done it,† Doug said. â€Å"You broke my brother.† â€Å"Seriously, Cassie,† Sean said. â€Å"You didn’t have to humiliate him like that.† â€Å"I barely touched him,† Cassie screamed out. â€Å"He’s in pain,† Diana said. â€Å"Duh.† Doug helped Chris to his feet. â€Å"I think his arm is broken.† â€Å"I guess Nick isn’t the only one with anger issues.† Deborah glanced at Cassie and then went to Chris’s other side for support. â€Å"He’s in pain,† Diana shouted out again. â€Å"Do you understand what this means?† Cassie thought back to her car accident a few weeks ago, when she walked away unscathed, and she suddenly comprehended Diana’s shock. â€Å"The protective spell is broken,† Cassie said. A spine-chilling quiet fell over the room as everyone realized what this meant for their safety. â€Å"Scarlett in the gym last night,† Diana said. â€Å"She wasn’t there to ruin our dance. She was destroying the only thing keeping us alive.† How to cite The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 9, Essay examples

Roman History Essay Example For Students

Roman History Essay Roman HistoryRoman Republican politicians were drawnlargely from an ancient elite of wealthy families. These families,known as the nobility, dominated access to the consulships; between themthey held over 80% of the consulships in the last century of the Republic. Active politics took place within this framework, and was characterisedlargely by personal and political feuds between individual members of theelite. Because this elite was defined by office holding (the nobilityconsisted of those descended from consuls), political activity took placewithin a context of magistracies and public events. Individual membersof the nobility had to pursue careers in politics, not just from theirown ambition, but to preserve the standing of their families: the Sergiiin the middle years of the republic, and the Fabii towards the end aretwo examples of famous families shrunken in power. The ideal politicalcareer was set out in the Lex Villia of 180 BC: military service in onestwenties, quaestor at thirty (conferring membership in the Senate), aedileor tribune in ones mid-thirties, praetor at 39 and consul at 42. But the question arises: how were Roman politicians able to gain electionto these offices and thus be politically successful?The essential ingredient for an aspirantpolitician, whatever his family background, was wealth: the Roman elitewas a moneyed elite. Constant outlay was important in public life:a politician had to spend freely on his clients, on his household, on slaves(particularly gladiators, for personal protection) and on investment. The expenses for elections were also astronomical. Candidates hadto provide themselves with a magnificent retinue and had to provide spectaclesand gifts for the populace: chariot races, theatrical shows, wild beasthunts and particularly gladiators. Direct bribery was also common,and represented a massive outlay in the late 60s, Caesar had accumulateddebts of several thousand talents due to his aedileship, his praetoriancampaign, and his pontifical campaign. In cases of prosecution, wealthwas also necessary to bribe jurors, and all this wealth had to come fromsomewhere -normally the hapless provincials. Indeed, by the lateRepublic it was a standard joke that a governor had to amass three fortunes:one to pay for his election expenses, one to bribe the jury for his extortiontrial, and the third to keep. In most cases, a candidates pedigreewas also important. As many statistical studies have shown (particularlythose of Broughton, Badian and Gruen), the nobility dominated access tothe consulship. Most of the other consuls came from long establishedpraetorian or senatorial families: the actual New Man (one without anysenatorial antecedents who gained the consulship) was a very rare creature:the most famous cases were Marius and Cicero. The importance of goodbreeding was such that Cicero could describe Ahenobarbus as consul-designatefrom the cradle. However, the important question is why nobilitymeant so much. The matter was partly one of actual influence theamount of clientage and money one could bring to bear. But therewere other factors, such as the friendliness of powerful politicians (Ti. Gracchus being the most important example), previous military success (Sullain the 90s) or the public reputation of ones family (Scipio Aemilianusin 148). One necessity for ensuring election toimportant posts or for securing legislation was the support of other membersof the nobility. In many cases, the factor that secured the electionof a candidate was the support of powerful politicians, who the candidatewould be expected to help while in office. The most obvious examplesare Pompeys pet consuls in 61-58, who were able to secure his land legislation,but probable others include Catulus in 102 (for Marius), and L. Scipioin 190 (for his brother). In other cases, a broader familial or factionalsupport base can be guessed at, such as with Hortensius in 69, Sulla in88 or Bibulus in 59. These were all cases in which sharp politicalissues informed campaigns. However, there were also cases in whichobligations and friendships (referring to political friendship or amicitia)had been built up over time. The classic example is Cicero, who despitebeing a New Man, was elected senior consul in suo anno in 63, simply byhaving a large group of grateful defendants whose support he could callon, and by having very few enemies. .u6240605825bad05d5c4d9f2c94c7f757 , .u6240605825bad05d5c4d9f2c94c7f757 .postImageUrl , .u6240605825bad05d5c4d9f2c94c7f757 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6240605825bad05d5c4d9f2c94c7f757 , .u6240605825bad05d5c4d9f2c94c7f757:hover , .u6240605825bad05d5c4d9f2c94c7f757:visited , .u6240605825bad05d5c4d9f2c94c7f757:active { border:0!important; } .u6240605825bad05d5c4d9f2c94c7f757 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6240605825bad05d5c4d9f2c94c7f757 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6240605825bad05d5c4d9f2c94c7f757:active , .u6240605825bad05d5c4d9f2c94c7f757:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6240605825bad05d5c4d9f2c94c7f757 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6240605825bad05d5c4d9f2c94c7f757 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6240605825bad05d5c4d9f2c94c7f757 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6240605825bad05d5c4d9f2c94c7f757 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6240605825bad05d5c4d9f2c94c7f757:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6240605825bad05d5c4d9f2c94c7f757 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6240605825bad05d5c4d9f2c94c7f757 .u6240605825bad05d5c4d9f2c94c7f757-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6240605825bad05d5c4d9f2c94c7f757:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Social Issues EssayThese horizontal connections within theelite also had to be supplemented by vertical connections with the lowerorders of Roman society. The most enduring and stable of these connectionswas that of clientage. Roman politicians could call on their clientsto campaign for them, solicit for them and even fight for them, as wellas voting for them (although this could not be enforced, with the introductionof the secret ballot). However, as Brunts and Badians studies haveshown, clientage was a most complicated institution. Its stabilitywas relative, since people and groups could have more than one patron andthey could change over time. Still, the more clients a politicianhad, particularly those of influence or urban residence, the more supportin the lower orders he could gain. Particularly important to the nobilityand their ethos, and also to political success and popularity in as militaristica state as Rome, was success and bravery in battle. Rome was a societyfounded upon war, and her history was one of strife and conquest. One of the greatest attractions of the praetorship and consulship was thatthey conferred imperium, which gave the bearer the right to command armies. This was the main purpose of Romes magistrates for most of her history,and even when they had become mostly civilian magistrates, as propraetorsand proconsuls they still went out to govern provinces and wage wars. War provided an opportunity for reputations to be made, for prizes to beawarded to young nobles: we need only think of Scipio Africanus92 roleat Cannae or Caesars civic crown at Mytilene. For those commandingthe army, war provided many more opportunities. They could establishtheir names in history and achieve personal glory (one thinks particularlyof Caesar in Gaul). They could make massive fortunes (for in theancient world war normally brought home a handsome profit to the victors)from the amassing of booty or the sale of large numbers of slaves (AemiliusPaullus in 167, Marius and Catulus in 101, Caesar in 58 and 57). All of these gave successful commanders an important position in politics,resting on the twin bastions of their wealth and fame. A few commanderscould also hope for future support from their soldiers, although the circumstancesseems unclear. It seems, however, that only those commanders whohad made their soldiers rich (Sulla in the East 88-83, Pompey in the East66-62, Caesar in Gaul 58-50) realistically hoped for political supportfrom their veterans. However, with a few unfortunate exceptions,all of this military activity after the beginning of the third centurytook place a long way from Rome, the centre of public life. For apolitician to advance his career, he had to do so in full view of the populusRomanus, in the Senate-house and in the Forum. From the mid thirdcentury, the concept of largesse (largitio) takes hold in public life. This meant that the approval of the people had to be sought by a candidatethrough showing magnificence: expending wealth and other private resourcesin the service and the interests of the people. Through the expansionand enrichment of the Roman empire, and the intense competition of theRoman elite, the sums necessary became very large. Indeed it becamesuch a problem that at some stage a law was passed forbidding games givenby candidates for public office. This largesse could take many forms. The normal mode was the giving of games. Normally games were theproperty of aediles, who spent enormous sums on their games to make surethey would be remembered when they campaigned for the consulship. Aediles could also stage games for their friends who were candidates: thesewere normally funeral games in honour of a deceased ancestor, and consistedof pairs of gladiators (the most spectacular were, predictably, Caesarsin honour of his father, during his aedileship). The other type ofgames were votive games, celebrated by victorious generals (Sulla in 80and Pompey in 70). Another popular form was a public feast (possiblySulla during his dictatorship, and Crassus in 70), or the provision ofgrain at private expense (Crassus in 70 again, or Spurius Maelius in 439). .u8d5752589eaff56e06ad5656e930ffa5 , .u8d5752589eaff56e06ad5656e930ffa5 .postImageUrl , .u8d5752589eaff56e06ad5656e930ffa5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8d5752589eaff56e06ad5656e930ffa5 , .u8d5752589eaff56e06ad5656e930ffa5:hover , .u8d5752589eaff56e06ad5656e930ffa5:visited , .u8d5752589eaff56e06ad5656e930ffa5:active { border:0!important; } .u8d5752589eaff56e06ad5656e930ffa5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8d5752589eaff56e06ad5656e930ffa5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8d5752589eaff56e06ad5656e930ffa5:active , .u8d5752589eaff56e06ad5656e930ffa5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8d5752589eaff56e06ad5656e930ffa5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8d5752589eaff56e06ad5656e930ffa5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8d5752589eaff56e06ad5656e930ffa5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8d5752589eaff56e06ad5656e930ffa5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8d5752589eaff56e06ad5656e930ffa5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8d5752589eaff56e06ad5656e930ffa5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8d5752589eaff56e06ad5656e930ffa5 .u8d5752589eaff56e06ad5656e930ffa5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8d5752589eaff56e06ad5656e930ffa5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: American Beauty1 EssayA more permanent benefaction was the erection of structures near the Forum,such as the many basilicas erected during the middle and late Republic(by the Porcii, Sempronii, Aemilii and Opimii), or the astonishingly expensiveForum of Caesar, begun during the late 50s. Roman politicians lived in a competitiveatmosphere where they vied with other members of the senatorial elite foradvancement. This advancement was expressed through the holding ofmagistracies which had to be sought from the People. There were manyfactors which contributed to the outcome of this competition. Whichpoliticians were able to advance depended on those with the best resourcesin wealth, birth, alliances, clients, military success and public repute. It was all of these factors, in varying degrees of importance with differentpersonalities, circumstances, and eras, which were the secrets of politicalsuccess under the Republic.